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Because of the interdisciplinary nature of his work and because he acquired a large and diverse audience for his writings, Erich Fromm is known under various guises. Philosophers typically know him through his affiliation with the so-called Frankfurt School, which is credited for developing twentieth-century critical theory, as the author of Escape from Freedom (1941), as the person who brought Karl Marx's early "Paris Manuscripts" to the American readership, and as someone who helped lay the foundations for contemporary political communitarianism. Psychologists know Fromm as one who criticized, revised, and developed Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, who pioneered research investigating the authoritarian personality and fascism, who developed a taxonomy of character types in contemporary capitalist society, and who was an innovative and influential practicing psychoanalyst who late in his career integrated the insights of Zen Buddhism into his work. Sociologists know Fromm for his research on the social, political, and economic determination of individual character development and as one who championed the position that psychology must ultimately become social psychology if it is to accurately understand its subject matter.
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