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Japanese playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1725) is best known for his tragedies involving ordinary men and women in the kansai, or western part, of Japan, where his works were first presented in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. During his career, Chikamatsu wrote about 100 puppet and kabuki stage plays. In these works, natural human emotions keep the characters alive as their human passions come into conflict with the rational principles and ethics that serve as the foundations of society. The plays go on to treat human weakness and the need for maintaining dignity in the face of crisis.
Chikamatsu's use of lower class characters in his tragedies is rather unique in world drama, where tragic characters have most often been members of the upper classes. In Chikamatsu's most famous plays, his characters violate the rules of society--often by committing a crime such as theft, adultery, or murder--and occasionally end up meeting a tragic end, either by their own hand or by society's.
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