The observation that animals would work in order to receive electrical stimulation to discrete brain areas was first described by Olds and Milner (1954). In this paper, they stated, "It is clear that electrical stimulation in certain parts of...

The ventral tegmental area, (VTA), is a very important brain area in the field of drug abuse. It is one of only two main areas that contain DOPAMINE cell bodies. The MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE pathway originates in the VTA. Dopamine neurons in the VTA project...

The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum, Latin for covering) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red...

Incidence and presentation Incisional hernia is a potential complication of any laparotomy or laparoscopic procedure. Prospective studies have reported an incidence of between 7.4 and 11%.[1 ],[2 ],[3 ],[4 ] Abdominal wall defects occur within the first 5 years after the surgical incision...

Postoperative wound complications can be a source of significant morbidity after open ventral hernia repair. By using smaller incisions a laparoscopic approach may decrease this complication. To determine the rate of wound complications after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair prospectively collected data on morbidity in...