In 1973, the Indonesian New Order government of Suharto merged all existing political parties into two parties—the Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI; Indonesian Democratic Party) and the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP; United Development...

The United Development Party (Indonesian: Partai Persatuan Pembangunan/PPP; sometimes translated as Development Unity Party) is a political party in Indonesia. It is seen as a moderate Islamic party, and is currently led by Suryadharma...

Social science has generated an enormous amount of literature on the origins of political party systems. In explaining the particular constellation of parties present in a given country, almost all theoretical work stresses the importance of systemic, structural, or deeply-rooted historical factors. (1)...

During the eighteen-month period from the onset of the Asian financial crisis to late 1998, the VCP's Central Committee met three times (December 1997, July 1998, and October 1998). It was only at the October meeting, the sixth plenum (first session), that economic issues...