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To survive, an organism must constantly adjust its internal state to changes in the environment. To track environmental changes, the organism must receive signals. These may be in the form of chemicals, such as hormones or nutrients, or may take...

In biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Most processes of signal transduction involve ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out...

"Signal transduction" is the term commonly used to define the diverse array of biochemical mechanisms that regulate cellular physiology. The term "signal transduction" became popular in the early 1980s and now it is considered one of the most intensively studied areas of modern cell...

ABSTRACT Many intracellular signaling proteins such as MAP kinases and transcription factors require multiple covalent modifications before activating downstream targets. This property suggests that signaling pathways are organized to facilitate proofreading, which expends energy to enhance the specificity of the pathway for the appropriate...