Tolerance and physical dependence are common consequences of drug self-administration. For those interested in understanding and modifying alcohol and drug abuse and the problems they cause, the greatest importance of tolerance and physical dependence...

People who begin taking drugs often do so to achieve a certain effect that they find enjoyable or positive in some way. Prescription medications may be taken initially to treat pain, depression, or anxiety. Improper use of prescription and other drugs...

A state in which an organism needs the presence of a DRUG in order to maintain physiological HOMEOSTASIS. In physical dependence, as blood levels of the drug subside and eventually disappear, characteristic physical WITHDRAWAL signs appear that can...

A state, produced by repeated or prolonged drug exposure, in which the presence of drug in the body is required to maintain normal physiological function. This state is recognizable only by the occurrence of a withdrawal reaction when the drug is...

Physical dependence (or drug dependence) refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation.[1] From the point of view of the dependent person, "dependence is duress,"...

ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to gain insight into the resolution dependence of model physics, the parameterization of moist convection in particular, which is required for accurately predicting large-scale features of the atmosphere. To achieve this goal, experiments using a two-dimensional...

ABSTRACT Reconstitution experiments have suggested that N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins constitute a minimal membrane fusion machinery but have yielded contradictory results, and it is unclear whether the mechanism of membrane merger is related to the stalk mechanism that underlies...

“Current treatment approaches emphasize that addiction must be treated in the same way as other chronic diseases.” —Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV Text Revision “One of the worst miscalculations of...