In most wars, some territory is placed under the martial law of a hostile army. Most belligerent military occupations end with the cessation of hostilities. In some cases, the occupied territory is returned and in other cases, the land remains under the control of the occupying power, but usually not as militarily-occupied territory. For the purpose of selectivity, only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907 are included in this article.
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Occupations by non-belligerents
Examples of UN mandated military occupations
For occupations mandated by the United Nations, see:
- List of countries where United Nations peacekeepers are currently deployed
- List of United Nations peacekeeping missions
- Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions
Examples of other foreign non-belligerent military occupations
- Multinational Force and Observers on the Sinai Peninsula mandated on April 25, 1982 continues to observe. It is an observation organisation not an occupation but it does place some restrictions on the sovereignty of the area it observes.
- The Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka, 1987–1990.
- Nigerian-led ECOMOG interventions:
- to end the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars, 1990-1995 and 2003 respectively.
- to end the Sierra Leone Civil War, 1997-2000. The Organisation of African Unity endorsed the Nigerian-led West African peacekeeping force in 1998.
- to Guinea-Bissau in 1999
- to Guinea/Liberia border in 2001.
- NATO missions:
- IFOR was a NATO-led multinational force that took over responsibilities from UNPROFOR in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1995–1996.
- SFOR was a NATO-led multinational force that took over responsibilities from IFOR, 1996–2004
- KFOR is a NATO-led multinational force responsible for establishing and maintaining security in Kosovo. This peace-enforcement force entered Kosovo on June 12, 1999 under a United Nations mandate, two days after the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1244, but it is not a United Nations blue helmeted peacekeeping mission.
- ISAF is a (currently) NATO-led multinational force that performs peacekeeping in Afghanistan.
- African Union missions:
- AMIS is the African Union force in Darfur, Sudan since August 2004 in response to the Darfur Conflict. It is set to merge with UNAMID, a UN-mandated peacekeeping force expected to be deployed in Darfur from October 2007 on.
- AMISOM is the African Union force in Somalia since March 2007 in response to the War in Somalia.
Examples of belligerent military occupations
- Occupation of Dominican Republic by Haiti, after the Haiti Invasion of Dominican Republic, (1822 - 1844).
- Occupation of Peru by Chile, during War of the Pacific (1881).
- Occupation of Belgium, Luxembourg, and Northeastern France by German Empire, 1914–1918 during World War I
- Occupation of parts of the Russian Empire by German Empire in World War I
- Occupation of parts of Italy by Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I
- Occupation of large parts of Turkish Empire by the Allies during World War I
- Occupation of various parts of Turkey by Greece, France, Italy and the United Kingdom (1919–1922)
- Occupation of German colonies by the Allies during World War I
- Occupation by South Africa of German South-West Africa (Namibia) from 1915 – 1920
- Occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium in 1923–1924
- Occupation of Manchuria by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War
- Occupation of eastern China by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War
- Occupation of Ethiopia by Italy during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War
- Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany , 1938 – 1945
- Occupation of Albania by Italy April 4 – April 12 1939 (ended when the Albanian parliament voted to unite with Italy)
- Occupation of Baltic Republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by the Soviet Union, 1939–1940[1]
- Occupation of eastern Poland in 1939 by the Soviet Union
- Occupation of parts of Finland during the Winter War (1939 – 1940) by the Soviet Union
- Occupation of the Faroe Islands on April 12, 1940 by the United Kingdom for the duration of World War II.
- Occupation of Iceland on May 10, 1940 by the United Kingdom, and then subsequently by the United States from July 7 1941 for the duration of World War II.
- Occupation of parts of Romania by the Soviet Union, 1940 - 1941
- Occupation of parts of the Soviet Union and Finland during the Continuation War (1941 – 1944).
- Occupation European countries by Nazi Germany during World War II (1939 – 1945).
- Occupation of Poland[2]
- Occupation of Denmark
- Occupation of Norway
- Occupation of Belgium
- Occupation of the Netherlands
- Occupation of Luxembourg
- Occupation of Northern France
- Occupation of the Channel Islands
- Occupation of Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece
- Occupation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
- Occupation of parts of the Soviet Union
- Occupation of parts of Italy (after Italy surrendered in 1943)
- Occupation of Hungary (after change of Government)
- Occupation of parts of south-eastern France by Italy (1940 – 1943)
- Occupation of the Italian colony of Eritrea by the Allies in 1941 until status changed to British protectorate.
- Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran by the Allies in 1941
- Occupation of Libya, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and parts of Italy by the Allies
- Occupation of many parts of Asia and the Pacific by Japan during World War II.
- Occupation of south eastern China
- Occupation of Shanghai
- Occupation of Hong Kong
- Occupation of French Indochina
- Occupation of parts of Siam (Thailand), until the government allied itself with Japan
- Occupation of Malaya
- Occupation of the Philippines
- Occupation of Borneo
- Occupation of the Dutch East Indies
- Occupation of most of Burma
- Occupation of parts of New Guinea
- Soviet occupation of Romania 1944 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947.
- Soviet occupation of Bulgaria 1944 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947.
- Soviet occupation of Hungary 1945 followed by the Allied Commission and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
- Occupation of Germany at the end of World War II in Europe followed by occupation under the Allied Control Council
- Berlin remained under formal military occupation until September 12, 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed
- Occupation of Austria at the end of World War II in Europe
- Occupation of Japan, by the United States (1945–1951)
- Occupation of parts of India and Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani Wars 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999.
- Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt, 1947–October 1956; March 1957–June 1967
- Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan, 1948 – 1967[3]
- Occupation of Tibet by China 1950 – 1951 (see Tibetan sovereignty debate)[4]
- Occupation of parts of North and South Korea during the Korean War (1950 – 1953)
- Occupation of parts of Egypt by France, Britain, and Israel in 1956 during the Suez Crisis
- Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Israel October 1956 – March 1957 during the Suez Crisis
- Occupation by South Africa of Namibia from 1966 – 1990 (see History of Namibia)
- Occupation of Egypt's Sinai desert by Israel (1967-1982)
- Occupation of the Golan Heights by Israel (1967 – present)[5]
- Occupation of East Jerusalem by Israel (1967 – present)[5]
- Occupation of the West Bank by Israel (1967 – present)
- Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Israel (1967 – 2005)
- Occupation of part of Cyprus by Turkey in 1974
- Occupation by South Africa of parts of Angola from 1975 (see History of Namibia, History of Angola)
- Occupation of East Timor, by Indonesia (1975–1999)
- Occupation of Western Sahara by Morocco (1976 – present)
- Occupation of various parts of Lebanon by Syria (1976–2005)
- Occupation of parts of Uganda by Tanzania during the Uganda-Tanzania War 1978–1979
- Occupation of various parts of Lebanon by Israel (1978–2000)
- Occupation of parts of Cambodia during the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia 1979
- Occupation of parts of Vietnam during the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979
- Occupation of the Falkland Islands by Argentina during the Falklands War 1982
- Occupation of Kuwait by Iraq during the Gulf War (1990–1991)
- Occupation of various parts of Azerbaijan by Armenia (1994 – present)
- Occupation of parts of Eritrea and Ethiopia during the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2002
- Occupation of parts of Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) by Uganda, Ruanda, Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan during and after the Second Congo War of 1998 – 2002[6]
- Occupation of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom, Poland and others: (2003 – 2004) (see United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546)
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were annexed into USSR in 1940 and after the USSR's re-capture of the region in 1944/45 many other Allies accepted the annexation as de facto if not de jure.
- ^ Under the terms of two decrees by Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939), large areas of western Poland were annexed to Germany. Much of the rest of Poland was organized into the Generalgouvernement (General Government) of Poland, under German administration, while eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. The annexations were not recognized by any other State.
- ^ Jordan annexed the West Bank and East Jerusalem in 1950. The annexation of the West Bank was recognized only by the United Kingdom, which however did not recognize the annexation of East Jerusalem.
- ^ Chinese military occupation ended with the signing of the Seventeen Point Agreement. The Government of Tibet in exile consider it to be an Invasion and illegal annexation of Tibet: 1949-1951 (website of the Government of Tibet in exile)
- ^ a b The Golan Heights and East Jerusalem have been de facto annexed by Israel. However, these annexations have not been recognised by the United Nations.
- ^ Congo, Democratic Republic of the CIA Factbook
