In 1913, the British scientist Henry G. J. Moseley determined the frequency and wavelength of x rays emitted by a large number of elements. By this time, the number of protons in the nucleus of some of the lighter elements had been determined. Moseley...

Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot diagrams, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule [1] [2]. A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule,...

When Napoleon called the British a nation of shopkeepers, he was missing the point. We are quite good at selling things, but even better at telling shopkeepers how to do it properly. This is particularly apparent in the post-Christmas trading figures season, where...

In plants, the only known outer-chain elongation of complex N-glycans is the formation of Lewis a [Fucα1-4(Galβ1-3) GlcNAc-R ] structures. This process involves the sequential attachment of β1,3-galactose and α1,4-fucose residues by β1,3-galactosyltransferase and α1,4-fucosyltransferase. However, the exact mechanism underlying the formation of Lewis...