Subsurface detection involves determining the characteristics of subsurface materials indirectly, that is without direct physical contact. Surveys can be run on land, at sea, or from the air. Seismic reflection and refraction studies using seismographs...

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. This non-destructive method uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band (UHF/VHF frequencies) of the radio spectrum, and detects the...

Scientists at the University of California at Berkeley are using ground penetrating radar (GPR) to help winemakers create better wines. The GPR technology is being tested at the Robert Mondavi and Dehlinger wineries in California's Napa and Sonoma counties. "GPR is an electromagnetic...

Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. By LAWRENCE B. CONYERS AND DEAN GOODMAN. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California. 1997. 232 pp., 58 figures, 8 plates, 6 tables, bibliography. $54 (cloth, ISBN 0-7619-8927-7), $26.95 (paper, ISBN 0-- 7619-8928-5). The benefits of geophysical prospecting methods...

For years, scientists at utilities around the country have tried to peer deep into the guts of their cities without jackhammers.They've experimented with robotic probes, ground-penetrating radar and thermal cameras _ all ways to identify dangers like frayed electrical wires or leaking pipes before they...

The capital city's ties to the Gold Rush are everywhere, from the historical old town where fortune-seekers arrived on the Sacramento River to Sutter's Fort, where costumed actors recreate the Wild West for schoolchildren.It was at that fort, just two miles west of the state...