The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI, Institute for Heavy Ion Research) in the Arheilgen suburb of Darmstadt, Germany is a federally and state co-funded heavy ion research center. The laboratory performs basic and applied research in physics and related natural science disciplines. Main fields of study include plasma physics, atomic physics, nuclear structure and reactions research, biophysics and medical research. The chief tool is the heavy ion accelerator facility consisting of UNILAC, the Universal Linear Accelerator (energy of 2 - 20 MeV per nucleon), SIS 18, the heavy-ion synchrotron (1 - 2 GeV/u) and ESR, the experimental storage ring (0.5 - 1 GeV/u) and FRS. The UNILAC was commissioned in 1975, the SIS 18 and the ESR were added in 1990 boosting the ion acceleration from 10% of light speed to 90%. The lab is a member of the Hermann von Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), an association of national research centers. Elements discovered at GSI: Meitnerium (1982), Hassium (1984), Darmstadtium (1994), Roentgenium (1994), Ununbium (1996). Another important discovery done at the GSI is the application of heavy ion beams for cancer treatment (from 1997). In stead of using X-ray radiation, carbon ions are used to irradiate the patient. The technique allows tumors which are close to vital organs to be treated, which is not possible with X-rays. This is due to the fact that the Bragg peak of carbon ions is much sharper than the peak of X-ray photons. A facility based on this technology was built in the Hospital of Heidelberg in 2007. The current director of FAIR is Horst Stöcker who succeeded Walter F. Henning in August 2007.
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Other parts of the facility
- Two high-energy lasers, the nhelix (Nanosecond High Energy Laser for Heavy Ion Experiments) and the Phelix (Petawatt High Energy Laser for Heavy Ion Experiments).
- A Large Area Neutron Detector (LAND).
Future evolution
In the years to come, GSI will evolve to an international structure named FAIR for Facility for Antiprotons and Ions Research. The first beam is expected by 2013. Among the improvements, two new synchrotrons (with respective magnetic rigidity 100 and 300), a Super-FRS and several new rings among which one that can be used for antimatter research. The creation of FAIR was co-signed on the 7th of November 2007 by 14 countries: Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Hesse, India, Italy, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom, Spain and Poland. A spokesperson from those countries were there, among them Annette Schavan the German federal minister of science and Roland Koch the president of Hesse.
See also
GANIL, RIKEN, JINR, CERN, NSCL.
External links
