Individual genes and whole genomes change over time. Indeed, evolution of genes ultimately accounts for the evolution of organisms that is seen in the fossil record: Humans evolved from earlier apes, and those creatures from their ancestors, by gene...

Evolutionary biologists increasingly accept that genes are selfish. But what does this mean? Clearly genes do not have personal motivations, and even if they did, they could not achieve their designs without cooperation of the bodies in which they...

The gene-centered view of evolution, gene selection theory or selfish gene theory holds that natural selection acts through differential survival of competing genes, increasing the frequency of those alleles whose phenotypic effects successfully promote...

Analysis of military history shows that such a critical form of combat action as the defense was often underestimated with the result that armies were ill-prepared for it. Combat practice has on many occasions shown the erroneousness of views downplaying the role of...

* Regarding the John Allen article on the evolution debate (NCR, July 29): As opposed to the creationists who believe in a God who needed a break after six hectic days of creation, and in contrast to the argumentation of the intelligent...