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Early European History eBook

Hutton Webster

Table of Contents
Section	Page

Start of eBook	1
CHAPTER	1
XVIII. FEUDALISM	3
XXII. EUROPEAN NATIONS DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AGES	3
XXIV. MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION	4
XXVI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION	4
INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY	5
LIST OF MAPS	8
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY	10
WORKS ON THE STUDY AND TEACHING OF HISTORY	10
DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS	11
SYLLABI	11
ATLASES	12
WALL MAPS AND CHARTS	12
OUTLINE MAPS	13
ILLUSTRATIONS	13
WORKS OF TRAVEL	14
HISTORICAL FICTION	15
HISTORICAL POETRY	16
SOURCES	17
MODERN WORKS	18
GENERAL WORKS	18
PREHISTORIC TIMES	18
ORIENTAL HISTORY	19
GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY	19
MEDIEVAL HISTORY	21
TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES	23
CHAPTER I	23
SUBJECT MATTER OF HISTORY	23
MANUSCRIPTS AND BOOKS	23
INSCRIPTIONS AND REMAINS	24
BEGINNINGS OF HISTORY	24
THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD	24
THE TWO AGES	25
THE STONE AGE	25
THE AGE OF METALS	25
COPPER	25
BRONZE	25
IRON	26
FIRST STEPS TOWARD CIVILIZATION	26
HUNTING AND FISHING STAGE	26
DOMESTICATION OF THE DOG	26
THE COW	26
THE HORSE	27
OTHER ANIMALS DOMESTICATED	27
PASTORAL STAGE	27
AGRICULTURAL STAGE	27
PICTURE WRITING	27
SOUND WRITING; THE REBUS	28
WORDS AND SYLLABLES	28
LETTERS	28
EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS	29
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET	29
DIFFUSION OF THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET	29
FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE	29
COUNTING AND MEASURING	30
CALCULATION OF TIME; THE CALENDAR	30
EARLY DRAWING AND PAINTING	30
EARLY ARCHITECTURE	31
SIGNIFICANCE OF PREHISTORIC ART	31
RACES OF MAN	31
CLASSIFICATION OF RACES	31
THE WHITE RACE	31
INDO-EUROPEANS AND SEMITES	32
PRINCIPAL INDO-EUROPEAN PEOPLES	32
PRINCIPAL SEMITIC PEOPLES	32
STUDIES	32
FOOTNOTES	33
CHAPTER II	34
GRAND DIVISIONS OF ASIA	34
FARTHER ASIA	34
CHINA	34
INDIA	34
INDIA AND THE WEST	35
NEARER ASIA	35
COUNTRIES OF NEARER ASIA	35
INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS	35
THE TIGRIS AND THE EUPHRATES	35
PRODUCTIONS OF BABYLONIA	35
BABYLONIA AN EARLY CENTER OF CIVILIZATION	36
LOWER AND UPPER EGYPT	36
EGYPT THE GIFT OF THE NILE	36
ANNUAL INUNDATION OF THE NILE	37
EGYPT AN EARLY CENTER OF CIVILIZATION	37
INHABITANTS OF BABYLONIA	37
AFTER THE PYRAMID KINGS	39
THE EGYPTIAN EMPIRE	39
IMPERIAL SPLENDOR OF EGYPT	39
DECLINE OF THE EGYPTIAN POWER	40
THE PHOENICIANS	40
THE HEBREWS	40
PERIOD OF THE JUDGES	40
REIGNS OF SAUL AND DAVID	40
DECLINE OF THE HEBREW POWER	41
CHARACTER OF ASSYRIAN RULE	41
PARTITION OF ASSYRIA	43
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE	44
THE SATRAPAL SYSTEM	44
PERSIAN ROADS	45
UNION OF THE EAST UNDER PERSIA	45
STUDIES	45
FOOTNOTES	46
CHAPTER III	46
REDISCOVERY OF THE ORIENT	46
THE KING AS AUTOCRAT	47
THE KING’S DUTIES	47
NOBLES AND PRIESTS	47
THE MIDDLE CLASS	47
WORKMEN AND PEASANTS	48
SLAVES	48
FARMING	48
MANUFACTURING	48
TRADE	49
MONEY	49
COINAGE	49
BANKING	49
ASIATIC COMMERCE	50
COMMERCE WITH EUROPE	50
PHOENICIAN IMPORTS AND EXPORTS	50
PHOENICIAN VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION	51
PHOENICIAN SETTLEMENTS	51
BABYLONIAN CONTRACTS	51
CODE OF HAMMURABI	52
SUBJECT MATTER OF HAMMURABI’S CODE	52
IMPORTANCE OF HAMMURABI’S CODE	52
THE MOSAIC CODE	52
NATURE WORSHIP	53
BABYLONIAN BELIEF IN EVIL SPIRITS	53
MAGIC	53
ASTROLOGY	53
EGYPTIAN ANIMAL WORSHIP	53
MONOTHEISM IN PERSIA	54
HEBREW MONOTHEISM	54
EGYPTIAN IDEAS OF THE FUTURE LIFE	54
BABYLONIAN AND HEBREW IDEAS OF THE FUTURE LIFE	54
THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD	55
THE BABYLONIAN EPICS	55
THE HEBREW BIBLE	56
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE	56
ARCHITECTURE IN BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA	56
EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE	56
SCULPTURE IN BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA	57
ORIENTAL PAINTING	57
ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRY	57
ASTRONOMY	57
GEOGRAPHY	58
PRACTICAL SCIENCES	58
THE TEMPLE SCHOOL	58
THE SCRIBES	58
THE TEMPLE LIBRARY	59
WIDESPREAD POPULAR IGNORANCE	59
STUDIES	59
FOOTNOTES	60
CHAPTER IV	60
EUROPE A PENINSULA OF ASIA	60
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF EUROPE	61
CENTRAL AND NORTHERN EUROPE	61
SOUTHERN EUROPE	61
THE AEGEAN SEA	61
CONTINENTAL GREECE	62
THE AEGEAN ISLANDS	62
WESTERN ASIA MINOR	62
INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS	62
A PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATION	63
SCHLIEMANN’S EXCAVATIONS AT TROY	63
SCHLIEMANN’S EXCAVATIONS AT MYCENAE AND TIRYNS	63
EVANS’S EXCAVATIONS AT GNOSSUS	64
ANTIQUITY OF AEGEAN CIVILIZATION	64
THE FINE ARTS	64
COMMERCE	64
DOWNFALL OF AEGEAN CIVILIZATION	65
COMING OF THE NORTHERN BARBARIANS	65
THE HOMERIC EPICS	65
INDUSTRY	65
SOCIAL LIFE	66
LAW AND MORALITY	66
HOMERIC GEOGRAPHY	66
THE OLYMPIAN COUNCIL	67
ATTRIBUTES OF THE DEITIES	67
CONCEPTIONS OF THE DEITIES	67
IDEAS OF THE OTHER WORLD	68
ORACLE OF APOLLO AT DELPHI	68
INQUIRIES AT THE ORACLE	68
CHARACTER OF THE RESPONSES	68
THE OLYMPIAN GAMES	69
THE CONTESTS	69
THE VICTOR’S REWARD	69
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GAMES	70
NATURE OF THE CITY STATE	70
THE CITIZENS	70
GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY-STATE	70
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY-STATE	71
SPARTA AND ATHENS AS TYPES OF THE CITY-STATE	71
SPARTA AND THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE	71
SPARTA A MILITARY CAMP	72
GOVERNMENT OF SPARTA	72
THE SPARTAN BOY	72
THE ADULT SPARTAN	72
EXCELLENCE OF THE SPARTAN SOLDIERY	73
ATHENS AS A CITY-STATE	73
OPPRESSIVE RULE OF THE NOBLES	73
ATHENS A DEMOCRATIC STATE	74
THE GREAT AGE OF COLONIZATION	75
REASONS FOR FOUNDING COLONIES	75
CHARACTER OF THE GREEK COLONY	75
COLONIZATION IN THE NORTH AND EAST	75
COLONIZATION IN THE WEST	75
THE SICILIAN COLONIES	76
OTHER MEDITERRANEAN COLONIES	76
RESULTS OF COLONIZATION	76
LANGUAGE AS A UNIFYING FORCE	76
LITERATURE AS UNIFYING FORCE; HOMER	77
RELIGION AS A UNIFYING FORCE; AMPHICTYONIES	77
A NEW AGE	77
STUDIES	77
FOOTNOTES	78
CHAPTER V	79
ASIATIC GREEKS CONQUERED BY CROESUS	79
CONQUESTS OF CYRUS AND CAMBYSES	80
CONQUESTS OF DARIUS	80
POLICIES OF ARISTIDES AND THEMISTOCLES	81
PREPARATIONS OF PERSIA	81
GREEK PREPARATIONS	82
AFTER THERMOPYLAE	83
AFTER SALAMIS	83
VICTORIUS HELLAS	84
THEMISTOCLES AND THE FORTIFICATIONS OF ATHENS	84
CONSTITUTION OF THE LEAGUE	84
CIMON AND THE WAR AGAINST PERSIA	85
DECLINE OF CIMON’S INFLUENCE	85
PERICLES	85
ATHENIAN IMPERIALISM	86
NATURE OF THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY	86
THE ASSEMBLY	87
THE TEN GENERALS	87
THE JURY COURTS	87
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY	87
SYSTEM OF STATE PAY	88
INDUSTRIAL ATHENS	88
SLAVERY	88
COMMERCIAL ATHENS	88
ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL ATHENS	88
INEVITABLENESS OF THE WAR	89
ORIGIN OF THE WAR	89
RESOURCES OF THE CONTESTANTS	89
SPARTAN DESPOTISM	91
PELOPIDAS AND EPAMINONDAS	91
WEAKNESS OF CITY-STATES	92
A RECORD OF ALMOST CEASELESS CONFLICT	92
THE FUTURE	92
STUDIES	92
FOOTNOTES	93
CHAPTER VI	94
MACEDONIA AND THE MACEDONIANS	94
PHILIP’S AIMS	94
THE MACEDONIAN ARMY	94
CONQUESTS OF PHILIP	95
DEMOSTHENES AS AN ORATOR AND A PATRIOT	95
LAST STRUGGLE OF THE GREEKS	96
PHILIP’S POLICY AS A CONQUEROR	96
THE YOUTHFUL ALEXANDER	97
EDUCATION OF ALEXANDER BY ARISTOTLE	97
ALEXANDER CRUSHES REBELLION	97
SEEMING STRENGTH OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE	97
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EXPEDITION	98
ALEXANDER’S INVASION	98
ALEXANDER IN EGYPT	99
ALEXANDER IN LIBYA	99
END OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE	100
CONQUEST OF IRAN	100
CONQUEST OF INDIA	100
ALEXANDER’S RETURN TO BABYLON	100
ALEXANDER AS WARRIOR AND STATESMAN	100
HELLENIZING OF THE ORIENT	101
FUSION OF EAST AND WEST	101
THE THREE GREAT KINGDOMS	102
MINOR INDEPENDENT STATES	102
CITY LIFE IN THE ORIENT	102
ALEXANDRIA	102
ANTIOCH	103
PERGAMUM	103
RHODES	103
HELLENISTIC LITERATURE	103
THE MUSEUM AT ALEXANDRIA	104
THE ALEXANDRIAN LIBRARY	104
SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES	104
ANCIENT AND MODERN SCIENCE COMPARED	105
EXTENSION OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE	105
PTOLEMY	105
THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM	105
THE NEW LUXURY	106
THE SEA ROUTE TO INDIA	106
ORIENTAL INFLUENCE ON THE GREEKS	106
GREEK INFLUENCE ON THE ORIENT	106
THE NEW COSMOPOLITANISM	107
STUDIES	107
FOOTNOTES	108
CHAPTER VII	108
THE APENNINES	108
DIVISIONS OF ITALY	109
SICILY	109
INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS	109
NEIGHBORS OF THE ROMANS	109
THE ETRUSCANS	110
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION	110
THE GREEKS	111
THE ITALIAN HIGHLANDERS	111
THE LATINS	111
FOUNDING OF ROME	111
UNION OF THE SEVEN HILLS	112
MYTHS OF EARLY ROME	112
ROMULUS AND REMUS	112
SUCCESSORS OF ROMULUS	112
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MYTHS	113
THE ROMANS AN AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE	113
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS	113
MORAL CHARACTER OF THE EARLY ROMANS	113
THE ROMAN FAMILY	114
WORSHIP OF ANCESTORS	114
THE HOUSEHOLD DEITIES	114
WORSHIP OF THE HOUSEHOLD DEITIES	114
JANUS AND VESTA	115
JUPITER AND MARS	115
DIVINATION	115
PRIESTHOODS	116
IMPORTANCE OF THE STATE RELIGION	116
EARLY ROMAN GOVERNMENT	116
THE REPUBLICAN CONSULS	116
THE DICTATOR	116
PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS	117
THE TRIBUNES	117
FINAL TRIUMPH OF THE PLEBEIANS	118
ROME AS A REPUBLIC	118
MAGISTRATES	118
MEMBERSHIP OF THE SENATE	118
POWERS EXERCISED BY THE SENATE	118
THE ROMAN CITIZENS	120
THE ITALIANS	121
THE LATIN COLONIES	121
ROMAN ROADS	121
USES OF ROMAN ROADS	121
ROMANIZATION OF ITALY	122
THE LEGION	122
METHOD OF FIGHTING	122
FORTIFIED CAMPS	123
DISCIPLINE: REWARDS AND HONORS	123
THE TRIUMPH	123
MILITARY GENIUS OF THE ROMANS	123
STUDIES	123
FOOTNOTES	124
CHAPTER VIII	125
THE PUNIC WARS	125
FOUNDATION OF CARTHAGE	125
COMMERCIAL EMPIRE OF CARTHAGE	126
CARTHAGINIAN CIVILIZATION	126
ORIGIN OF THE FIRST PUNIC WAR	126
HANNIBAL	127
HANNIBAL’S INVASION OF ITALY	127
FIRST VICTORIES OF HANNIBAL	128
A DICTATORSHIP	128
AFTER CANNAE	128
VICTORIOUS ROME	129
SICILY	130
SPAIN	130
ROMANIZATION OF SPAIN	130
ROME AND MACEDONIA	130
ROME AND GREECE	130
ROME AND SYRIA	131
CREATION OF THE PROVINCIAL SYSTEM	131
EVILS OF THE PROVINCIAL SYSTEM	131
THE PROFITS OF CONQUEST	132
GROWTH OF LUXURY	132
DISAPPEARANCE OF THE PEASANTRY	132
THE EXODUS OF THE CITIES	133
THE CITY MOB	133
HELLENIC INFLUENCE AT ROME	133
TIBERIUS AND GAIUS GRACCHUS	133
AGRARIAN LAW OF TIBERIUS GRACCHUS	134
DEFECTS OF THE AGRARIAN LAW	134
MEASURES OF GAIUS TO RELIEVE THE POOR	135
AN EFFORT TO EXTEND ROMAN CITIZENSHIP	135
THE GRACCHI BEGIN THE REVOLUTION	136
RIVALRY OF MARIUS AND SULLA	137
RISE OF POMPEY	138
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO	138
RISE OF CAESAR	139
ROMANIZATION OF GAUL	140
GROWING OPPOSITION BETWEEN POMPEY AND CAESAR	140
CAESAR MASTER OF THE WEST	141
AUTHORITY AND POSITION OF CAESAR	141
CHARACTER OF CAESAR’S RULE	141
REFORMS AT ROME AND IN ITALY	142
REFORMATION OF THE PROVINCIAL SYSTEM	142
CONSEQUENCES OF CAESAR’S DEATH	142
ANTONY BECOMES CAESAR’S SUCCESSOR	142
A RIVAL IN THE YOUNG OCTAVIAN	143
DIVISION OF THE ROMAN WORLD	143
OCTAVIAN IN THE WEST	143
ANTONY IN THE EAST	144
THE TRIUMPH OF OCTAVIAN	144
DOOM OF THE REPUBLIC	144
A CENTURY OF REVOLUTION	144
THE FUTURE	145
STUDIES	145
FOOTNOTES	146
CHAPTER IX	147
THE NEW RULER	147
THE NEW GOVERNMENT	148
POWERS ENJOYED BY AUGUSTUS	148
THE EMPIRE UNDER AUGUSTUS	148
THE DANUBE BOUNDARY	148
THE RHINE BOUNDARY	149
THE AUGUSTAN AGE	149
DEIFICATION OF AUGUSTUS	149
THE ANTONINE CAESARS	151
TRAJAN THE CONQUEROR	151
HADRIAN THE ADMINISTRATOR	151
MARCUS AURELIUS, THE PHILOSOPHER ON THE THRONE	152
THE STANDING ARMY	152
THE ROMAN ROADS	153
THE PAX ROMANA	153
EXTENSION OF ROMAN CITIZENSHIP	153
PRIVILEGES OF ROMAN CITIZENS	153
IMPROVEMENT OF ROMAN LAW	154
CHARACTER OF ROMAN LAW	154
LATIN IN ITALY	154
LATIN IN THE WESTERN PROVINCES	155
ROMANCE LANGUAGES	155
PREVALENCE OF CITY LIFE	155
SOME IMPORTANT CITIES	155
APPEARANCE OF THE CITIES	156
CITY GOVERNMENT	156
SURVIVAL OF THE ROMAN MUNICIPAL SYSTEM	156
PROMOTION OF COMMERCE	157
PRINCIPAL TRADE ROUTES	157
LOCAL TRADING AT ROME	157
FREE LABORERS AT ROME	157
THE GUILDS	158
LIFE OF THE WORKING CLASSES	158
GREAT FORTUNES	158
LUXURY AND EXTRAVAGANCE	159
SOME SOCIAL EVILS	159
BRIGHTER ASPECTS OF ROMAN SOCIETY	159
THE NEW COSMOPOLITANISM	159
MONUMENTS OF ROMAN RULE	160
ROMANIZATION OF EAST AND WEST	161
STUDIES	161
FOOTNOTES	162
CHAPTER X	163
WEAKNESSES IN THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM	164
DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS	164
THE NEW ABSOLUTISM	164
REIGN OF CONSTANTINE	165
FOUNDATION OF CONSTANTINOPLE	165
THE “FALL” OF ROME	166
DEPOPULATION DUE TO THE SLAVE SYSTEM	166
LOSS OF REVENUES	167
ECONOMIC RUIN	167
INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY	167
DECLINE OF PAGANISM	167
STOICISM	168
THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES	168
INFLUENCE OF THE MYSTERIES	168
ORIENTAL RELIGIONS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE	168
MITHRA	169
THE WORSHIP OF MITHRA	169
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ORIENTAL RELIGIONS	169
CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE JEWS	169
MISSIONARY LABORS OF PAUL	170
CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE GENTILES	170
CONDITIONS FAVORING THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY	170
ORGANIZATION OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY	171
HOSTILITY TOWARD THE CHRISTIANS	171
SUPERSTITIOUS FEAR OF THE CHRISTIANS	171
ANTAGONISM OF THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT	171
ATTITUDE OF THE CHRISTIANS TOWARD PAGANISM	172
THE MARTYRS	172
CHRISTIANITY BECOMES A TOLERATED RELIGION	172
CONSTANTINE’S CONVERSION	173
MORAL TEACHINGS OF CHRISTIANITY	174
SOCIAL TEACHINGS OF CHRISTIANITY	174
CHRISTIANITY AND THE GERMANS	174
STUDIES	174
FOOTNOTES	175
CHAPTER XI	176
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF GERMANY	176
THE GERMANS DESCRIBED BY THE ROMANS	176
GERMAN MORALS	177
PROGRESS OF THE GERMANS	177
REASONS FOR THE GERMANIC MIGRATIONS	177
GROWING WEAKNESS OF ROME	177
THE GOTHS	178
RESULTS OF THE BATTLE	179
ALARIC THE VISIGOTH	179
ALARIC IN GREECE AND ITALY	179
THE VISIGOTHS BEFORE ROME	179
ROMANIZATION OF THE VISIGOTHS	180
THE FRANKS IN NORTHERN GAUL	181
THE HUNS	181
ATTILA THE HUN	181
INVASION OF GAUL BY ATTILA	182
VANDAL PIRATES	183
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GERMANIC INVASIONS	183
RETROGRESSIVE FORCES	184
PROGRESSIVE FORCES	184
STUDIES	184
FOOTNOTES	185
CHAPTER XII	185
THE CENTER OF CLASSICAL LIFE	185
ORIGIN OF THE CITY	185
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF AN ANCIENT CITY	185
LIFE IN THE CITY	186
IMPORTANCE OF MALE CHILDREN	186
INFANTICIDE	186
NAMES	186
GREEK EDUCATION	187
ROMAN EDUCATION	187
TRAVEL AND STUDY ABROAD	188
ENGAGEMENTS	188
WEDDING CUSTOMS	188
POSITION OF WOMEN	188
CLOTHING	189
COVERING FOR THE HEAD AND FEET	189
EXTERIOR OF THE HOUSE	189
INTERIOR OF THE HOUSE	189
THE ATRIUM	190
THE PERISTYLE	190
BUSINESS OF THE FORENOON	190
OCCUPATIONS IN THE AFTERNOON	190
THE EVENING MEAL	191
MORNING ROUND OF A ROMAN NOBLE	191
THE AFTERNOON EXERCISE AND BATH	191
THE LATE DINNER	192
ATHENIAN RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS	192
FEATURES OF A GREEK PLAY	192
PANTOMIME AND VAUDEVILLE AT ROME	193
CHARIOT RACES	193
ANIMAL BAITINGS	193
GLADIATORIAL SHOWS	193
PLACE OF SLAVERY IN CLASSICAL LIFE	194
SOURCES OF SLAVES	194
NUMBER AND CHEAPNESS OF SLAVES	195
SLAVES’ TASKS	195
TREATMENT OF SLAVES	195
POSSIBILITIES OF FREEDOM	195
PERMANENCE OF SLAVERY	196
EPIC POETRY	196
LYRIC POETRY	196
ATHENIAN TRAGEDY	196
ATHENIAN COMEDY	197
HISTORY	197
BIOGRAPHY	197
ORIGINALITY OF GREEK LITERATURE	198
THE SOPHISTS	198
SOCRATES	198
CONDEMNATION AND DEATH OF SOCRATES	198
PLATO	199
ARISTOTLE	199
EPICUREANISM	199
STOICISM	200
RISE OF ROMAN LITERATURE	200
CICERO	200
CAESAR	200
VERGIL AND HORACE	201
LIVY	201
TACITUS	201
SURVIVAL OF ROMAN LITERATURE	201
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE	201
THE DORIC COLUMN	202
NATURE OF THE GREEK TEMPLE	202
UNIQUENESS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE	202
THE GREEK GENIUS IN SCULPTURE	203
LOSS OF THE MASTERPIECES	203
MATERIALS	203
TECHNICAL PROCESSES	203
VARIETIES OF GREEK SCUPLTURE	204
IMPORTANCE OF THE SCULPTOR’S ART	204
THE ARCH AND DOME IN ROMAN BUILDINGS	204
ROMAN USE OF CONCRETE AND RUBBLE	204
TEMPLES	204
BASILICAS	205
AQUEDUCTS	205
THERMAE	205
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES AND COLUMNS	205
CIRCUSES, THEATERS, AND AMPHITHEATERS	206
ROMAN SCULPTURE	206
WALL PAINTINGS	206
ART CENTERS OF ANTIQUITY	206
ROADS AND SUBURBS OF ATHENS	206
WALLS OF ATHENS	207
HILLS OF ATHENS	207
THE AGORA	207
PUBLIC BUILDINGS	207
THE ACROPOLIS	207
THE ERECHTHEUM	208
ARCHITECTURE OF THE PARTHENON	208
SCULPTURES OF THE PARTHENON	208
THE GLORY OF ATHENS	208
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME	209
HILLS OF ROME	209
WALLS AND OPEN SPACES	209
PUBLIC BUILDINGS	209
THE FORUM	210
APPROACH TO THE FORUM	210
THE FORUM TO-DAY	210
THE FORUM IN ANTIQUITY	210
THE GRANDEUR OF ROME	211
STUDIES	211
FOOTNOTES	212
CHAPTER XIII	213
TRANSITION TO THE MIDDLE AGES	213
THE OSTROGOTHS UNDER THEODORIC	213
THEODORIC’S FOREIGN POLICY	214
INVASION OF ITALY BY THE LOMBARDS	215
LOMBARD RULE IN ITALY	215
RESULTS OF THE LOMBARD INVASION	215
THE FRANKS AND THE GALLO-ROMANS	216
SIGNIFICANCE OF CLOVIS’S CONVERSION	216
THE EARLIER MEROVINGIAN KINGS	216
CHARACTER OF THE FRANKISH CONQUESTS	217
THE LATER MEROVINGIAN KINGS	217
CHARLES MARTEL	217
CHARLEMAGNE THE MAN	218
CHARLEMAGNE’S OTHER CONQUESTS	219
CHARLEMAGNE’S GOVERNMENT	219
REVIVAL OF LEARNING UNDER CHARLEMAGNE	220
REASONS FOR THE CORONATION	221
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CORONATION	221
CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE	221
AFTER CHARLEMAGNE	221
IMPORTANCE OF THE TWO TREATIES	222
RENEWED BARBARIAN INVASIONS	223
THE GERMAN STEM-DUCHIES	223
ELECTIVE KINGSHIP OF GERMANY	223