Drug Enforcement Administration

Drug Enforcement Administration DEA
Agency overview
Formed	July 1, 1973
Preceding Agencies	Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs   Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement
Jurisdiction	United States
Headquarters	Arlington, Virginia
Employees	10,891 (2006)
Annual Budget	$2,415 m USD (2006)
Agency Executives	Karen Tandy, Administrator   Michele Leonhart, Deputy Administrator
Parent agency	United States Department of Justice
Website
www.usdoj.gov/dea

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States Department of Justice law enforcement agency, a service tasked with fighting the war on drugs. Not only is the DEA the lead agency for domestic enforcement of illegal drug trade (sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation), it also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U.S. drug investigations abroad.

History and mandate

The DEA's enforcement activities may take agents anywhere from distant countries to suburban U.S. homes. Here agents train in Quantico, VA.

The Drug Enforcement Administration was established in July 1, 1973, by Presidential Reorganization Plan Number 2 signed by President Richard Nixon.^[1] It proposed the creation of a single federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the government's drug control activities. Congress accepted the proposal, as they were concerned with the growing availability of drugs.^[2] As a result, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) and the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE) merged together to create the DEA.^[3] In 1999, the DEA opened the Drug Enforcement Administration Museum in Arlington, Virginia. In February 2003, the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences.^[4]

Organization

The DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the US Senate. The Administrator reports to the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General.^[5] The Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator, the Chief of Operations, the Chief Inspector, Assistant Administrators for the Operations Support Division, Intelligence Division, and Human Resources Division. Other senior staff include the Chief Financial Officer and the Chief Counsel. The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only Presidentially-appointed personnel in the DEA; all other DEA officials are career government employees. DEA's headquarters is located in Arlington, Virginia across from the Pentagon. It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico, Virginia along with the FBI Academy. It maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 237 field offices and 80 foreign offices in 58 countries. With a budget over 42.0 billion dollars it employs over 10,800 people to include over 5,500 Special Agents. Job applicants who have a history of hard drug use are excluded from consideration. Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special agent, diversion investigator, and intelligence research specialist positions.

The DEA's relatively firm stance on this issue is in contrast to that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which is considering relaxing its hiring policy on drug use.

Mobile Enforcement Teams

The DEA Mobile Enforcement Team (MET) is a specialized squad designed as a support service dedicated to attacking and dismantling drug trafficking and urban violence in close cooperation with local authorities. MET is located throughout the United States in DEA’s 21 Field Division Offices. They often focus their efforts in rural and some smaller urban areas that are deficient in the law enforcement resources to combat organized drug gangs.

Impact on the drug trade

Main article: Illegal drug trade

In 2005, the DEA seized a reported $1.4 billion in drug trade related assets and $420 million worth of drugs.^[7] However, according to the White House's Office of Drug Control Policy, the total value of all of the drugs sold in the US is as much as $64 billion a year^[8], making the DEA's efforts to intercept the flow of drugs into and within the US less than 1% effective. Defenders of the agency's performance record argue that the DEA has had a positive effect beyond their relatively small annual seizures by placing pressure on traffickers, raising prices for consumers which, it is hoped, may reduce the affordability of drugs. Why Critics of this theory (including the Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman) point out that demand for illegal drugs shows little price sensitivity; the people who are buying drugs will continue to buy them with little regard to price, often turning to crime to support expensive drug habits when the drug prices rise. One recent study published in the The Atlantic lending credence to the criticism shows that in every major US city, from New York to Los Angeles, the price of street cocaine has dropped. Supporters of drug law enforcement, however, argue that if no efforts were done to stem the flow of illegal narcotics into the country the number of drug users would be out of control causing many more problems in addition to rampant crime. A historical example of this are the Opium Wars fought between China and the West. There is no benefit to the country in increased illegal narcotics trade, whereas there are many serious detriments in not reducing it. It would not be realistic to stop the drug trade 100%, but implementing stronger enforcement does make it more difficult for illegal narcotics to penetrate into the country thereby also reducing both potential sellers and users who would not appear in any estimates. Others advocate legalization of certain controlled substances, pointing out that it will reduce illegal trade & associated crime and yield a valuable tax-source. Experience with drug legalization raises some doubt about this belief. For example, marijuana is now available as a palliative agent, in Canada, with a medical prescription. Yet 86% of Canadians with HIV/AIDS, eligible for a prescription, continue to obtain marijuana illegally (AIDS Care. 2007 Apr;19(4):500-6.) However, this could be due to the availability of illegal cannabis compared to the procedural hoops a patient has to jump through when receiving it from the government. If dispensaries were set up in convenient locations, then the illegal purchases may very well drop.

Narcotics registration

The DEA has a registration system in place which authorizes medical professionals, researchers and manufacturers access to "Schedule I" drugs. Authorized registrants receive a "DEA number" that is to be solely used for tracking controlled substances. The DEA number, however, is often used by the industry as a general "prescriber" number as a unique identifier for anyone who can prescribe medication.

Diversion control system

Many problems associated with drug abuse are the result of legitimately-manufactured controlled substances being diverted from their lawful purpose into the illicit drug traffic. Many of the narcotics, depressants and stimulants manufactured for legitimate medical use are subject to abuse, and have therefore been brought under legal control. The goal of controls is to ensure that these "controlled substances" are readily available for medical use, while preventing their distribution for illicit sale and abuse. Under federal law, all businesses which manufacture or distribute controlled drugs, all health professionals entitled to dispense, administer or prescribe them, and all pharmacies entitled to fill prescriptions must register with the DEA. Registrants must comply with a series of regulatory requirements relating to drug security, records accountability, and adherence to standards. All of these investigations are conducted by Diversion Investigators (DIs). DIs conduct investigations to uncover and investigate suspected sources of diversion and take appropriate civil and administrative actions.

Criticism

The DEA has been criticized for placing highly restrictive schedules on a few narcotics which researchers in the fields of pharmacology and medicine regard as having medical uses. Critics assert that some such decisions are motivated primarily by political factors stemming from the US government's War on Drugs, and that many benefits of such substances remain unrecognized due to the difficulty of conducting scientific research. A counterpoint to that criticism is that under the Controlled Substances Act it is the Department of Health and Human Services (through the Food and Drug Administration and the National Institute on Drug Abuse), not the DEA, which has the legal responsibility to make scientific and medical determinations with respect to drug scheduling; no drug can be scheduled if the Secretary of Health and Human Services recommends against it on a scientific or medical basis, and no drug can be placed in the most restrictive schedule (Schedule I) if DHHS finds that the drug has a currently accepted medical use. The DEA is also criticized for allegedly focusing only on the operations from which it can seize the most money, namely the organized cross-border trafficking of heroin and cocaine. Some individuals contemplating the nature of the DEA's charter advise that, based on order of popularity or numbers of persons addicted, the DEA should be most focused on marijuana or, based on order of danger, the DEA should be most focused on locally freebased "crack". Others suggest that, based on opiate popularity, the DEA should focus much more on prescription opiates used recreationally, which critics contend is far more widespread than heroin use. Some scheduled substances are extremely rare, with no clear reason behind the scheduling of 4-Methyl-aminorex or bufotenine. Others, such as the Cato Institute^[9] and the Drug Policy Alliance^[10] criticize the very existence of the DEA and the War on Drugs as inimical to the concept of civil liberties by arguing that anybody should be free to put any substance they choose into their own bodies for any reason, particularly when legal drugs such as alcohol, tobacco and prescription drugs are also open to abuse, and that any harm caused by a drug user or addict is covered under existing law, just as it is for a non-user. Recurrently, billions are spent yearly, focusing largely on criminal law and demand reduction campaigns, which has only resulted in millions of US citizens imprisoned. Demand for recreational drugs is somewhat static as the market for most illegal drugs has been saturated, forcing the cartels to expand their market to Europe and other areas than the United States. The DEA currently spends $4 billion a year on arresting and prosecuting marijuana related crimes (which is particularly amazing considering that DEA's yearly total budget for all operations is only 2.5 billion dollars a year according to the Office of Congressional Affairs).^[11] United States federal law currently registers cannabis as a Schedule I drug Yet it is common for illicit drugs to be widely available in most urban, suburban, and even rural areas in the United States, which leads drug legalization proponents to claim that drug laws, like most other laws, have little effect on those who choose not to obey them, and that the resources spent enforcing drug laws, as well as many other laws, are wasted. As it relates to the DEA specifically, the vast majority of individual arrests stemming from illegal drug possession and distribution are narrow and more local in scope and are made by local law enforcement officers, while the DEA tends to focus on larger, interstate and international distribution networks and the higher ranking members of such organizations in addition to operating in conjunction with other local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies along US borders. DEA was accused in 2005 by the Venezuelan government of collaborating with drug traffickers, after which President Hugo Chávez decided to end any collaboration with the agency. In 2007, after the State Department criticized Venezuela in its annual report on drug trafficking, the Venezuelan Minister of Justice reiterated the accusations: "A large quantity of drug shipments left the country through that organization,...[]..We were in the presence of a new drug cartel."^[12] In the Netherlands both the Dutch government and the DEA have been criticized for violations of Dutch sovereignty in drug investigations. According to Peter R. de Vries, a Dutch journalist present at the 2005 trial of Henk Orlando Rommy, the DEA has admitted to activities on Dutch soil. Earlier, then minister of justice Piet Hein Donner, had denied to the Dutch parliament that he had given permission to the DEA for any such activities, which would have been a requirement by Dutch law in order to allow foreign agents to act within the territory ^[13].

The DEA in popular culture

• In the James Bond film Licence to Kill, Bond's recurring ally Felix Leiter (played here by David Hedison) is a DEA agent, as is Ed Killifer (Everett McGill), who turned traitor and helped the villain Franz Sanchez (Robert Davi) to escape.
• Gary Oldman played a corrupt DEA Agent in Léon. It was one of his most critically acclaimed roles.
• Luis Guzmán and Don Cheadle play two DEA agents in the movie Traffic.
• Vin Diesel and Larenz Tate play DEA agents in the movie A Man Apart.
• David Duchovny plays a transvestite DEA agent in Twin Peaks. The acronym 'DEA' was mistakenly said to stand for 'Drug Enforcement Agency'.
• Max Payne is an NYPD police officer who later becomes a DEA agent in the video game series Max Payne.
• Mary-Louise Parker finds out that her boyfriend is a DEA agent on the Showtime series "Weeds."
• In the game Narc, one of the two playable characters is DEA Agent Marcus Hill played by Bill Bellamy
• In The Power of the Dog Don Winslow follows the main character Art Keller through the DEA's beginnings with the War on Drugs (Operation Condor) in Sinaloa, Mexico in 1975 to the year 2004
• In the movie Swordfish, the character Ginger (Halle Berry) claims to be an undercover DEA agent.
• In the television program Painkiller Jane, Kristanna Loken plays the titular character, who at the beginning of the series is a DEA agent.
• In the Third Person Shooter game Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories, the DEA is Largely involved in the many missions. Most notably DEA Agent Brian Forbes.
• The ambient/electronic band The American Dollar has a song called DEA on their album The Technicolour Sleep.

See also

• Bureau of Prohibition
• Drug-related crime
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• War on Drugs
• Operation Web Tryp, a DEA investigation culminating in 10 arrests and the closure of 5 suppliers of research chemicals.

References

External links

• DEA official web site
• The History of the DEA from 1973 to 1998
• Agency of Fear - The History of the origins of the DEA in the Nixon White House
• Results of Prohibition The financial costs of drug use and drug prohibition in the US, impact on levels of drug use and prices.
• A response to the DEA web site
• "98 Percent Of All Domestically Eradicated Marijuana Is "Ditchweed," DEA Admits", NORML News Archive, 7 September 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 
• Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy Full text of major government commission reports on the effects of drug enforcement
• The Drug Hang-Up by Rufus King A history of the drug laws with special emphasis on the predecessors to the DEA
• DEA Watch - A dissenting view of the DEA
• Drug Enforcement Administration Meeting Notices and Rule Changes from The Federal Register RSS Feed
• DEA Lookup.com Commercial DEA number database search service
• Office of Diversion Control

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