The extent to which the same awards reached through different routes represent equivalent levels of attainment. During the 1990s, there was a major debate about whether the standards of school examinations (GCSEs and A Levels) were falling: this is...

In mathematics, two elements x and y of a set partially ordered by a relation ≤ are said to be comparable if and only if x ≤ y or y ≤ x, or in terms of the strict version of the partial order, if and only if x y or y x.[1] For example,...