Cloning vectors are DNA molecules used to insert fragments of foreign DNA into a host cell. The vector still has the properties of multiplying and self-replication. These vectors introduce foreign DNA into the host cells, which then may divide in large...

A cloning vector is a small DNA vehicle that carries a foreign DNA fragment. The insertion of the fragment into the cloning vector is carried out by treating the vehicle and the foreign DNA with the same restriction enzyme, then ligating the fragments...

Plasmids are the most flexible of cloning vectors and recent discoveries have shown how they can be efficiently shuttled between very different species of microorganisms Genetic manipulation has been performed for centuries by selective breeding superimposed on natural variation. However, while hybrids...

The current challenge, now that two plant genomes have been sequenced, is to assign a function to the increasing number of predicted genes. In Arabidopsis, approximately 55% of genes can be assigned a putative function, however, less than 8% of these have been assigned...