Khalafa means to succeed, be the agent of or substitute for someone. Istakhlafa is to appoint as successor, while khalifa is chief, successor and, at 2.30, is used to describe the children of Adam, i.e. everyone. The word in its various forms is used...

CALIPHATE. The office of "successor" to the prophet Muḥammad as the leader of the Muslim community is a uniquely Islamic institution. Hence the anglicization caliphate is preferable to inadequate translations of the term...

For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'a. It is a transliterated version of the Arabic...

Something strange happened in the publishing business in the Soviet Union and its successor states during the 1990s. Evidently, inter arma silent musae; but this silence is unexpectedly loud. As one aspect of the crumbling of organized government, economic systems, and communist ideology,...

When people talk about books that changed their lives, they usually mean books with high-powered ideas that altered their way of thinking, such as the Bible, or The Prince, or Emerson s essays. In my case it was a much less exalted sort...

War On Terror: GOP gadfly Rep. Ron Paul claims 9/11 was "blowback" for bombing and sanctioning Iraq the previous decade. But that's another romantic notion of isolationists. Just ask Osama bin Laden.Paul, an idealistic White House hopeful from Texas who opposes the Iraq War, shocked...

Blood-splotches on walls, chains hanging from a ceiling and swords on the killing floor — the artifacts left a disturbing tale of brutalities inside a suspected al-Qaida in Iraq torture chamber. But there was yet another chilling fact outside the dirt-floor dungeon. Villagers say they...