Long before the incandescent electric light bulb was invented, arc lamps had given birth to the science of electric lighting. In the early 1800s, when the first large batteries were being built, researchers noticed that electric current would leap...

Searchlights depend on special lenses and reflectors to focus electric light into a pinpoint beam that can illuminate objects thousands of feet away. Since about 1870, carbon arc lamps have been used as the light source for searchlights. During World...

A means of illumination in which the light is generated by an electric current passing between two...

The electric arc in an arc lamp consists of gas which is initially ionized by a voltage and is therefore electrically conductive. To start an arc lamp, usually a very high voltage is needed to "ignite" or "strike" the arc. This requires an electrical...

ABSTRACT: A method for calculating UV dose for microbial disinfection that includes a measure of the wavelength-dependent factors of UV lamp output, quartz sleeve UV transmission, microbial action spectra, and wastewater UV transmission is presented. The method is validated by comparing UV dose-response curves...

It was the party of the century; the night when 156 years of British Empire ended with the reversion of Hong Kong to Chinese rule; a night of celebration and mayhem, marked by the kind of manic partying that masks a barely suppressed fear...