Located on the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia, the Unfederated Malay States (UMS), were Johor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu. The main difference between the five UMS and the four Federated Malay States (FMS) was that British control was...

The Unfederated Malay States were five Malay states,...

Chinese Minority in a Malay State: The Case of Terengganu in Malaysia. By Tan Chee-Beng. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2002. 162 pp. This short ethnographic study focuses on Chinese residents of Terengganu, an east coast Malaysian state where Chinese account for less than...

Police manuals produced in the Siak and Riau-Lingga sultanates during the 1890s reveal something of the concerns of each society in an early stage of colonial state formation, and how they dealt with changing understandings of crime and punishment. Despite their many similarities, the...